Bachelor of Computer Applications: Linux

Concept of Redirection and Piping in Unix

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 Most UNIX commands expect input to come from a file(s), and
produce output to anther file(s).  “One
of these files is the standard input, and is the place from which a program
expects to read its input.  Another is
called the standard output, and it is the file to which the program writes its
results.  The third file is the
diagnostic output (also called Standard error), and it is a file to which
program writes any error responses. 
Generally, the standard input is taken to be the keyboard (input is
typed by the user), the standard output is the terminal screen.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">Concept of</span> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: large;">Redirection</span></span></b></h2>
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<b>(1) Redirection Input:</b></h3>
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            There are
two possible sources of input for UNIX commands.  Programs such as ls and find get their input
from the command line in the form of options and filenames.  Other programs, such as cat, can get their
data from the standard input as well as from the command line.  Try the cat command with no options on the
command line:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><span style="color: red; font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;">$cat</span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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            There is no
response.  Because n files are specified
with the command, cat waits to get its input from your keyboard, the standard
input file.  The program will accept input
lines from the keyboard until it sees a line which begins with Ctrl+D, which is
the end of file signal for standard input.<o:p></o:p></div>
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            To redirect
the standard input, you use the<span style="color: #0b5394;"><b> <span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;"><</span></b></span> operator. 
For example, if you wanted cat to get its input from output.txt you could
use the command.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><span style="color: red; font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;">$cat<output.txt</span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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            The
difference between this command and<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><span style="color: red; font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;">$cat output.txt</span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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            is a subtle
one.  In filenames provided as options to
a command, you can use filename substitution. 
When redirecting input, you must use the name of an existing file or
device.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>(2) Redirection
Output:</b></h3>
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            Now, let’s
say that you want to send the output of cat to a file, to save our shopping
list on disk.  The shell lets you redirect
standard output to a file name, by using the “<span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;"><b>></b></span>” symbol.  Here’s how it works:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><span style="color: red; font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;">$cat
amg.txt>output.txt<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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            The<b> </b><b style="color: #0b5394; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;">></b> operator causes a new file to be created. 
If you had already created a file named output.txt, it would be deleted
and replaced with the new data.  If you
wanted to add the new data to the old output, you could use the <span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;"><b>>></b></span>
operator.  For example.</div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><span style="color: red; font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;">$cat
amg.txt>>output.txt<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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            This will
add content of amg.txt to output.txt file both file must be exists at specified
path.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: #0b5394;">Concept of Piping</span></b></h2>
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Suppose that you wanted a directory listing that was sorted
by the mode file type plus permissions. 
To accomplish this, you might redirect the output from ls to a data file
and then sort that data file.  For
example.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><span style="color: red; font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;">$ls –l>tempfile</span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: red; font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;">$sort<tempfile</span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<span style="color: #7f6000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">-rw-rw-r-         1          marsha             adept   1024    Jan
20 <st1:time hour="14" minute="14" w:st="on">14:14</st1:time> Lines.dat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #7f6000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">-rw-rw-r-         1          marsha             adept   3072    Jan
20 <st1:time hour="14" minute="14" w:st="on">14:14</st1:time> Lines.idx<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #7f6000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">-rw-rw-r-         1          marsha             adept   256      Jan
20 <st1:time hour="14" minute="14" w:st="on">14:14</st1:time> Pages.dat</span><span style="color: #bf9000;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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            Although
you get the result that you wanted, there are three drawback to this method:<o:p></o:p></div>
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            You might
end up with a lot of temporary file in your directory.  You would have to go back and remove
them.  The sort program does not begins
its work until the first command is complete. 
This is not too significant with the small amount of data used in this
example, but it can make a considerable difference with larger files.  The final output contains the name of your
temp file, which might not be what you had in mind.<o:p></o:p></div>
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            Fortunately,
there is a better way.<o:p></o:p></div>
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            The pipe
symbol <b><span style="color: #0b5394;">(|)</span></b> causes the standard output of the program on the left side of the
pipe to be passed directly to the standard input of the program on the right
side of the pipe symbol.  Therefore, to
get the same results as before, you can use the pipe symbol.  For example<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><span style="color: red; font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;">$ls –l|sort</span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<span style="color: #7f6000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">-rw-rw-r-         1          marsha             adept   1024    Jan
20 <st1:time hour="14" minute="14" w:st="on">14:14</st1:time> Lines.dat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #7f6000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">-rw-rw-r-         1          marsha             adept   3072    Jan
20 <st1:time hour="14" minute="14" w:st="on">14:14</st1:time> Lines.idx<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #7f6000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">-rw-rw-r-         1          marsha             adept   256      Jan
20 <st1:time hour="14" minute="14" w:st="on">14:14</st1:time> Pages.dat</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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            To connect
two or more operation within the same stream at that time pipe sign is used to
perform such a operation in unix.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Concept of Redirection and Piping in Unix

Most UNIX commands expect input to come from a file(s), and produce output to anther file(s). “One of these files is the standard input,...

Useful Commands in Ubuntu

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<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 22px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">A comprehensive list of commands needed when using Ubuntu:</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 22px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span>
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<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 22px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span>
<b style="border: none; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">Command privileges.</span></b><br />
<br style="border: none; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">   </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> sudo command</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;"> - run command as root</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">    </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">sudo su</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;"> –</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;"> root shellopen</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">    </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">sudo su user </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">– open shell as a user</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">    </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">sudo -k</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;"> – forget your password sudo</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">    </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">gksudo command </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">– sudo visual dialog </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">(GNOME)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">    </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">kdesudo command</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;"> – sudo visual dialog (KDE)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">   </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> sudo visudo</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;"> – edit / etc / sudoers</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">    </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">gksudo nautilus </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">– root file manager (GNOME)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">    </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">kdesudo konqueror </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">– root file manager (KDE)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">    </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">passwd </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">– change your password </span><br />
<b style="border: none; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" /><span style="color: #0b5394;">Command Network</span></b><span style="color: #0b5394;"><br style="border: none; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" /></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">    </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">ifconfig </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">– displays information network</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">    </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">iwconfig </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">– displays information from wireless</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">    </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">sudo iwlist scan</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;"> – scan wireless networks</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">    </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">sudo /etc/init.d/networking restart </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">– reset the network</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">    </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(file) /etc/network/interfaces</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;"> – manual configuration</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">   </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> ifup interface</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;"> – bring online interface</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">    </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">ifdown interface </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">– disable interface </span><br />
<br style="border: none; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" />
<span style="color: #0b5394;"><b style="border: none; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Commands Display</b></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">    </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">sudo /etc/init.d/gdm restart</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;"> – reset X (Gnome)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">    </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">sudo /etc/init.d/kdm restart </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">– reset X (KDE)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">   </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> (file) /etc/X11/xorg.conf</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;"> – show Configuration</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">    </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">sudo dpkg-reconfigure</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;"> - reconfigure xserver-xorg-phigh - reset configuration X</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">    </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ctrl+Alt+Bksp</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;"> – X display reset if frozen</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">    </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ctrl+Alt+FN</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;"> – switch to tty N</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">    </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ctrl+Alt+F7 </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">– switch back to X display </span><br />
<br style="border: none; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" />
<b style="border: none; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">Commands Service System.</span></b><br />
<br style="border: none; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">    </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">start service </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">– service to start work (Upstart)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">    </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">stop service </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">– service to stop working (Upstart)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">    </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">status service</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;"> – check if service is running (Upstart)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">    </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">/etc/init.d/service start</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;"> – start service (SysV)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">    </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">/etc/init.d/service stop</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;"> – stop service (SysV)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">    </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">/etc/init.d/service status</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;"> – check service (SysV)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">    </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">/etc/init.d/service restart</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;"> – reset service (SysV)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">    </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">runlevel </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">– get current runlevel </span><br />
<br style="border: none; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" />
<span style="color: #0b5394;"><b style="border: none; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Commands for Firewall.</b></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">    </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">ufw enable </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">– turn on the firewall</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">    </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">ufw disable</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;"> – turn off the firewall</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">    </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">ufw default allow </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">– allow all connections by default</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">   </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> ufw default deny</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;"> – drop all connections by default</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">    </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">ufw status</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;"> – current rules and</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">    </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">ufw allow port</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;"> – to allow traffic on port</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">    </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">ufw deny port </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">– port block</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">   </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> ufw deny from ip</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;"> – ip block </span><br />
<b style="border: none; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" /><span style="color: #0b5394;">Command System.</span></b><br />
<br style="border: none; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">    </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">lsb_release -a </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">– get the version of Ubuntu</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">    </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">uname -r </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">– get kernel version</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">   </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> uname -a </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">– get all the information kernel </span><br />
<b style="border: none; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" /><span style="color: #0b5394;">Commands for Package Manager.</span></b><br />
<br style="border: none; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">   </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> apt-get update</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;"> – refresh updates available</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">    </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">apt-get upgrade</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;"> – update all packages</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">    </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">apt-get dist-upgrade </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">– version update</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">    </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">apt-get install pkg</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;"> – installing pkg</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">    </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">apt-get remove pkg</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;"> – uninstall pkg</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">    </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">apt-get autoremove</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;"> – removing packages obsotletos</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">    </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">apt-get -f install –</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;"> try to fix packages</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">    </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">dpkg –configure -a</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;"> – try to fix a broken package</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">   </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> dpkg -i pkg.deb</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;"> – install file pkg.deb</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">   </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> (file) /etc/apt/sources.list </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">– list of repositories APT </span><br />
<br style="border: none; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" />
<span style="color: #0b5394;"><b style="border: none; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Special Packages For commands.</b></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">   </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> ubuntu-desktop </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">– Setting the standard Ubuntu</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">   </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> kubuntu-desktop</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;"> –KDE Desktop </span><span style="border: none; color: blue; font-family: inherit !important; font-size: inherit !important; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: static; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="kLink" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-style: none !important; border-left-width: 0px !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-right-width: 0px !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-top-width: 0px !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: inherit !important; font-size: inherit !important; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px 0px 1px !important; position: static; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto !important;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">    </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">xubuntu-desktop </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">– desktop XFCE</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">    </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">ubuntu-minimal</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;"> – core earnings Ubuntu</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">    </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">ubuntu-standard </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">– the standard utilities Ubuntu</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">    </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">ubuntu-restricted-extras</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;"> – not free, but useful</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">    <span style="color: red;">kubuntu</span></span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">-restricted-extras </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">– ditto KDE</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">   <span style="color: red;"> xubuntu</span></span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">-restricted-extras</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;"> – ditto XFCE</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">    </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">build-essential</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;"> – packages used to compile</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">    </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">linux-image-generic</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;"> – latest generic kernel image</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">    </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">linux-headers-generic </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">– latest headlines </span><br />
<br style="border: none; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" />
<b style="border: none; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">Applications commands.</span></b><br />
<br style="border: none; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">    </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">nautilus </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">– File Manager (GNOME)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">    </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">dolphin </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">– File Manager (KDE)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">    </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">konqueror </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">– Web browser (KDE)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">    </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">kate </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">– text editor (KDE)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">    </span><span style="border: none; color: red; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">gedit </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">– text editor (GNOME)</span><span style="border: none; font-family: 'Lithos Pro', tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" /></span></div>

Useful Commands in Ubuntu

A comprehensive list of commands needed when using Ubuntu: Command privileges. sudo command - run command as root sudo...