Bachelor of Computer Applications: Java

What is class and object in Java ?

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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">What is
class and object?</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;"><ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">  </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">A class is a <b>template
from which objects are created</b>. That is objects are instance of a class.</span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">When you create a class, you are creating a new
data-type. You can use this type to declare objects of that type.</span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Class defines structure and behavior (data &
code) that will be shared by a set of objects</span></li>
</ol>
</span><span style="text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">A class is declared by use of the </span><b style="text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">class keyword</b><span style="text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">. Classes may contain data
and code both.</span><br /><span style="text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">The general form of al class definition:</span></span><ul style="text-align: left;">
</ul>
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<span style="color: #1d1d1e; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">            class ClassName<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d1d1e; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">            {<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #1d1d1e; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">                        type
instance variable1;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d1d1e; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">                        type
instance variable2;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d1d1e; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">                        <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d1d1e; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">                        type
methodname1 (parameter list)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d1d1e; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">                        {<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d1d1e; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">                                    body
of method;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d1d1e; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">                        }<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d1d1e; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">                        type
methodname2 (parameter list)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d1d1e; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">                        {<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d1d1e; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">                                    body
of method;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d1d1e; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">                        }<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d1d1e; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">             }<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">v 
The data or variable are called <b>instance variable</b>. The code is
contained within methods.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">v 
The method and variables defined within a class are
called <b>member of the class</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">Example of Class</span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<pre class="java" name="code"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">class Box
{
 double width;
 double height;
 double depth; 
}
class BoxDemo
{
 public static void main (String args[])
 {
  Box mybox = new Box ();
  double vol;
  mybox.width =10;
  mybox.height = 20;
  mybox.depth = 30;
  vol = mybox.width * mybox.height * mybox.depth;
  System.out.println (“Volume is: - “+vol);
 }
}

</span></pre>
<pre class="java" name="code"></pre>
<pre class="java" name="code"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">
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<ul style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">
</span>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Each object contains its own copy of each variable defined by the class. </span></li>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">
</span></ul>
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<ul style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">
</span>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> So, every Box object contains its own copy of the instance variables width, height and depth. </span></li>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">
</span></ul>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">
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<ul style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">
</span>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">To access these variables, you will use the <b>dot (.) operator</b>. The dot operator links the name of the object with the name of an instance variable. </span></li>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">
</span></ul>
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<h4>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">
<b><span style="color: #0b5394;">Declaring Object</span></b><span style="color: #0b5394;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></h4>
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">•        Box mybox;     //
declare ref. to object which contains null value.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">•        mybox = new Box ();   //
allocate a Box object.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">
<span style="color: #0b5394;">
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<h4>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">
<span style="color: #0b5394;"><b>General form of a new</b> <o:p></o:p></span></span></h4>
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">            class var = new classname ();<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">            mybox = new Box ();<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Where:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">            class var =  variable of the class type.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">            classname = name of the class.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">
</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;"><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">The classname followed by parentheses specifies the constructor for the class.</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;"><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">A constructor defines what occurs when an object of a class is created.</span></div>
</span><div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;"><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Most classes explicitly define their own constructors within their class definition but if no explicit constructor is specified then java will automatically supply a default constructor.</span></div>
</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">
</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;"><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">This is the case with Box. This is default constructor. </span></div>
</span><ul style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">
</span></ul>
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<h4>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">
<b><span style="color: #0b5394;">Assigning Object Reference Variable</span></b><span style="color: #0b5394;"> </span></span></h4>
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Box b1 = new Box ();</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Box b2 = new b1;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<ul style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">
</span></ul>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">      After this executes, b1 and b2 will both refer to the same object. </span><br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
</ul>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">The assignment of b1 to b2 did not allocate any memory or copy any part of the original object.</span>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
</ul>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">It simply makes b2 refer to the same object as does b1. Thus, any changes made to the object through b2 will affect the object to which b1 is referring,since they are the same object. </span>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">
</span></ul>
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">
</span><h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">
<b><span style="color: #0b5394;">Introducing Methods</span></b><span style="color: #0b5394;"> </span></span></h3>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">type name (parameter-list)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">

</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">

</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">            body of method<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">

</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">} <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">
</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Where:</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Type : </b>Specifies the type of data returned by the method.If the method does not return a value its ret           urn type must be void. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Name: </b>Specifies the name of the method. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Parameter-list: </b>It is a sequence of type & identifiers pairs separated by commas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<ul style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">
</span></ul>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">Parameters are variables that receive the value of the argument passed to the method when it is called. If the method has no parameters, then the parameter list will be empty.</span>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
</ul>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;"> Methods that have a return type other than void return a value to the calling routine </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">using the following form of the return statement;</span>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">
</span></ul>
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">

</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Return value;</b> </span></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
</h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #0b5394;">Types of Methods</span></b><span style="color: #0b5394;"> </span> </span></h3>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">
</span><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">
</span>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Does not return value – void</span></li>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">
</span>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Returning a value <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">
</span>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Method which takes parameter <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">
</span></ol>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">
</span></pre>
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What is class and object in Java ?

What is class and object? A class is a template from which objects are created . That is objects are instance of a class. W...

Garbage Collection in Java

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<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">Garbage Collection</span></span></b></h2>
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<li><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">  </span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Objects are dynamically allocated by using the <b>new</b>
operator.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">In some languages, such as C++, dynamically
allocated objects must be manually released by use of a <b>delete</b> operator.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Java
handles deallocation for you automatically. The technique that accomplishes
this is called <b><i>garbage collection</i></b><i>.</i></span></li>
<li>When no references to an object exist, that object
is assumed to be no longer needed, and the memory occupied by the object can be
reclaimed.</li>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Garbage collection (GC) is a form of
automatic <span style="text-decoration: none;">memory
management</span>. The garbage collector, or just collector,
attempts to reclaim <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbage_(computer_science)"><span style="text-decoration: none;">garbage</span></a>,
or memory occupied by <span style="text-decoration: none;">objects</span> that
are no longer in use by the <span style="text-decoration: none;">program</span>.
Garbage collection was invented by <span style="text-decoration: none;">John McCarthy</span> around
1959 to solve problems in <span style="text-decoration: none;">Lisp</span>.<span style="color: #1f0707; font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #d78787; text-decoration: none;"></span><span style="color: #1f0707;">Garbage collection is
often portrayed as the opposite of</span><span style="color: #3d85c6;"> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manual_memory_management"><span style="text-decoration: none;">manual memory
management</span></a></span><span style="color: #1f0707;">, which requires the programmer to specify which objects
to deallocate and return to the memory system. However, many systems use a
combination of approaches, including other techniques such as </span>stack allocation<span style="color: #1f0707;"> and </span><span style="text-decoration: none;">region inference</span><span style="color: #1f0707;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Resources other than memory, such as <span style="text-decoration: none;">network sockets</span>, database <span style="text-decoration: none;">handles</span>, user interactionwindows,
and file and device descriptors, are not typically handled by garbage
collection. Methods used to manage such resources, particularly <span style="text-decoration: none;">destructors</span>,
may suffice to manage memory as well, leaving no need for GC. Some GC systems
allow such other resources to be associated with a region of memory that, when
collected, causes the other resource to be reclaimed; this is called <span style="text-decoration: none;">finalization</span>. Finalization
may introduce complications limiting its usability, such as intolerable latency
between disuse and reclaim of especially limited resources, or a lack of control
over which thread performs the work of reclaiming.<span style="color: #1f0707;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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Garbage Collection in Java

Garbage Collection Objects are dynamically allocated by using the new operator. In some languages, such as C++, dynamically...

What is JVM ?

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Each of the preceding buzzwords is explained in <a href="http://java.sun.com/docs/white/langenv/" style="color: #2970a6; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The Java Language Environment</em></a> , a white paper written by James Gosling and Henry McGilton.</div>
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In the Java programming language, all source code is first written in plain text files ending with the <code style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">.java</code> extension. Those source files are then compiled into <code style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">.class</code> files by the <code style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">javac</code>compiler. A <code style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">.class</code> file does not contain code that is native to your processor; it instead contains <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">bytecodes</em> — the machine language of the Java Virtual Machine<sup style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://tecnoesis.wordpress.com/wp-admin/#FOOT" style="color: #2970a6; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">1</a></sup> (Java VM). The <code style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">java</code>launcher tool then runs your application with an instance of the Java Virtual Machine. An overview of the software development process.</div>
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<img alt="Java Process" height="83" src="http://tecnoesis.files.wordpress.com/2009/08/java-process.jpeg?w=482&h=83" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: 600px; padding: 0px;" title="Java Process" width="482" /></div>
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One characteristic of Java is portability, which means that computer programs written in the Java language must run similarly on any supported hardware/operating-system platform. This is achieved by compiling the Java language code, not to machine code but to Java bytecode – instructions similar to machine code but intended to be interpreted by a virtual machine (VM) written specifically for the host hardware. End-users commonly use a Java Runtime Environment (JRE) installed on their own machine for standalone Java applications, or in a Web browser for Java applets. Standardized libraries provide a generic way to access features such as graphics, threading, networking and much more. A major benefit of using bytecode is porting. However, the overhead of interpretation means that interpreted programs almost always run more slowly than programs compiled to native executables would, and Java suffered a reputation for poor performance. This gap has been narrowed by a number of optimization techniques introduced in the more recent JVM implementations.</div>
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Because the Java VM is available on many different operating systems, the same <code style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">.class</code> files are capable of running on Microsoft Windows, the Solaris <sup style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">TM</sup> Operating System (Solaris OS), Linux, or Mac OS. Some virtual machines, such as the <a href="http://java.sun.com/products/hotspot/" style="color: #2970a6; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Java HotSpot virtual machine</a>, perform additional steps at runtime to give your application a performance boost. This include various tasks such as finding performance bottlenecks and recompiling (to native code) frequently used sections of code. Through the Java VM, the same application is capable of running on multiple platforms.</div>
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<img alt="Java Cross Platform Support" height="332" src="http://tecnoesis.files.wordpress.com/2009/08/java-cross-platform-support.gif?w=346&h=332" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: 600px; padding: 0px;" title="Java Cross Platform Support" width="346" /></div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #ff6600; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Java Platform:</span></strong></div>
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A <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">platform</em> is the hardware or software environment in which a program runs. Most platforms can be described as a combination of the operating system and underlying hardware. The Java platform differs from most other platforms in that it’s a software-only platform that runs on top of other hardware-based platforms.</div>
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<img alt="Java Platform Simplified" height="102" src="http://tecnoesis.files.wordpress.com/2009/08/java-platform-simplified.jpeg?w=221&h=102" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: 600px; padding: 0px;" title="Java Platform Simplified" width="221" /></div>
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The Java platform has two components:</div>
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<li style="list-style-position: inside; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 20px;">The <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Java Virtual Machine</em></li>
<li style="list-style-position: inside; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 20px;">The <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Java Application Programming Interface</em> (API)</li>
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<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Virtual Machine</em> is the base for the Java platform and is ported onto various hardware-based platforms.</div>
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The <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">API</em> is a large collection of ready-made software components that provide many useful capabilities. It is grouped into libraries of related classes and interfaces; these libraries are known as <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">packages</em>.</div>
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As a platform-independent environment, the Java platform can be a bit slower than native code. However, advances in compiler and virtual machine technologies are bringing performance close to that of native code without threatening portability. A <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">platform</em> is the hardware or software environment in which a program runs. We’ve already mentioned some of the most popular platforms like Microsoft Windows, Linux, Solaris OS, and Mac OS. Most platforms can be described as a combination of the operating system and underlying hardware. The Java platform differs from most other platforms in that it’s a software-only platform that runs on top of other hardware-based platforms.</div>
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The general-purpose, high-level Java programming language is a powerful software platform. Every full implementation of the Java platform gives you the following features:</div>
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<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Development Tools</em>: The development tools provide everything you’ll need for compiling, running, monitoring, debugging, and documenting your applications. As a new developer, the main tools you’ll be using are the <code style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">javac</code> compiler, the <code style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">java</code> launcher, and the <code style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">javadoc</code>documentation tool.</div>
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Application Programming Interface <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">(API):</em> The API provides the core functionality of the Java programming language. It offers a wide array of useful classes ready for use in your own applications. It spans everything from basic objects, to networking and security, to XML generation and database access, and more. The core API is very large; to get an overview of what it contains, consult the <a href="http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/index.html" style="color: #2970a6; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Java SE Development Kit 6 (JDK<sup style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">TM</sup> 6) documentation</a>.</div>
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<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Deployment Technologies:</em> The JDK software provides standard mechanisms such as the Java Web Start software and Java Plug-In software for deploying your applications to end users.</div>
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<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">User Interface Toolkits:</em> The Swing and Java 2D toolkits make it possible to create sophisticated Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs).</div>
</li>
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<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Integration Libraries:</em> Integration libraries such as the Java IDL API, JDBC<sup style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">TM</sup> API, Java Naming and Directory Interface<sup style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">TM</sup> (“J.N.D.I.”) API, Java RMI, and Java Remote Method Invocation over Internet Inter-ORB Protocol Technology (Java RMI-IIOP Technology) enable database access and manipulation of remote objects.<br />
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What is JVM ?

Each of the preceding buzzwords is explained in The Java Language Environment , a white paper written by James Gosling and Henry McGi...

What is Java ? and Features of JAVA

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<span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: large;">Java features</span></h2>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">What is Java?</span></span></b></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">u<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Java is a programming language that:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Is exclusively <b>object
oriented</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Has full <b>GUI
support</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">n<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> 
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Has full <b>network
support</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l17 level2 lfo11; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">n<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> 
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Is <b>platform
independent</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l17 level2 lfo11; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">n<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> 
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Executes <b>stand-alone
or “on-demand” in web browser as applets</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">Features of JAVA</span></span></b></h3>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l12 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Simple</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l12 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Secure</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l12 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Portable</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l12 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Object-oriented</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l12 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Robust</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l12 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Multithreaded</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l12 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Architecture-natural</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l12 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Interpreted</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l12 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">High performance</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l12 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Distributed</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l12 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dynamic</span></li>
</ol>
<h4>
</h4>
<h4>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: left;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">Simple</span></span></b></li>
</ol>
</h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">  </span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Java was
designed to be easy for the professional programmer to learn and use
effectively.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">  </span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Assuming
that you have some programming experience, you will not find java hard to
master.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">  </span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">If you
already understand the basic concepts of object oriented programming, learning
java will be even easier.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">  </span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">If you
are an experienced C++ programmer, moving to java will require very little
effort. Because java inherits the C/C++ syntax and many of the object oriented
features of C++, most programmers have little trouble learning Java. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h4>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: left;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">Security</span></span></b></li>
</ol>
</h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">  </span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Security
is the benefit of java. Java system not only verifies all memory access but
also ensure that no viruses are communicated with an applet.<b> <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">      3.
<span style="color: #0b5394;">Portable</span></span></b></h4>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">      The most significant
contribution of java over other language is its portability.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">      Java
programs can be easily moved from one computer system to another.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">      Java
ensures portability in two ways:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">      1. Java
compiler generates byte code instruction that can be implemented on any
machine.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">      2.   The size
of the primitive data types is <b>machine-independent</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h4>
<ol start="4" style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: left;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">Object-Oriented</span></span></b></li>
</ol>
</h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -24px;">v</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Java is a true object oriented language. All <b>program
code and data reside within object       and classes</b>. The object model in java is
simple and easy to extend.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h4>
<ol start="5" style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: left;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">Robust(healthy, strong) </span></span></b></li>
</ol>
</h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">  </span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The multiplatform environment of the Web places
extraordinary demands on a program, because the program must execute reliably
in a variety of systems. Thus, the ability to create robust programs was given
a high priority in the design of java.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">  </span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">To gain reliability, java has strict compile time and
run time checking for codes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">  </span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">To better understand how java is robust, consider
two main reasons for program failure: <b>memory management mistakes and
mishandled exceptional conditions.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h4>
<ol start="6" style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: left;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">Multithreaded</span></span></b></li>
</ol>
</h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">  </span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Java was designed to meet the real-world requirement
of creating interactive, networked programs. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">  </span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">To accomplish this, java supports multithreaded
programming, which allows you to write programs that do many things
simultaneously. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">  </span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The java run-time system comes with an elegant yet
sophisticated solution for multiprocess synchronization that enables you to
construct smoothly running interactive systems. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">  </span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Java’s easy to use approach to multithreading allows
you to think about the specific behavior of your program, not the multitasking
subsystem. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h4>
<ol start="7" style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: left;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">Architecture-Neutral</span></span></b></li>
</ol>
</h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">  </span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">A central
issue of java programmers was that code longevity and portability. One of the main problems facing programmers is that no
guarantee exists that if you write a program today, it will run tomorrow- even
on the same machine. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">  </span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Operating system upgrades, and changes in core
system resources can al combine to make a program malfunction. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">  </span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The java designer made several hard decisions in the
java language and the java virtual machine in an attempt to alter this
situation. Their goal was “write once; run anywhere, any time, forever.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h4>
<ol start="8" style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: left;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">Interpreted </span></span></b></li>
</ol>
</h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">  </span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Usually a computer language is either compiled or
interpreted. Java combines these approaches thus making java a two-stage
system.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">  </span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Java compiler translates source code into byte code
instructions. Byte codes are not machine instructions and so java interpreter
generates machine code that can be directly executed by the machine that is
running the java program.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">  </span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">We can thus say that java is both a compiled and an
interpreted language. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h4>
<ol start="9" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">High Performance</span></span></b></li>
</ol>
</h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Java
performance is impressive for an interpreted language, mainly due to the use    of intermediate byte code. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h4>
<ol start="10" style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: left;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">Distributed </span></span></b></li>
</ol>
</h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">  </span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Java is designed for the distributed environment of
the Internet, because it handles TCP/IP protocols. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">  </span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Java also supports <b>Remote Method Invocation
(RMI).</b> This feature enables a program to invoke methods across a network.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h4>
<ol start="11" style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: left;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">Dynamic </span></span></b></li>
</ol>
</h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">  </span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Java is capable of dynamically linking in new <b>class
libraries, methods and object</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">  </span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Java can also determine the type of class through a
query, making it possible to either dynamically link or abort the program. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>

What is Java ? and Features of JAVA

Java features What is Java? u Java is a programming language that: n Is exclusively object oriented n Has full GUI suppor...